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Lineage Chart of the Dharma Drum Mountain Line of the Chinese Chan Tradition [i]

Certified by Master Sheng Yen as of April 30 2001

(Revised in 2015 based on the 2010 Founder's Hall one-year anniversary version from Dharma Drum Mountain)

(I) Lineage Chart of the Chinese Chan Tradition from the Twenty-eight Indian Lineage Masters to the six Chinese Lineage Masters

佛 Buddha 釋迦牟尼 Sakyamuni

祖 Patriarchs

1. 摩訶迦葉 Mahakasyapa
2. 阿難 Ananda
3. 商那和修 Sanavasa
4. 優波毱多 Upagupta
5. 提多迦 Dhritaka
6. 彌遮迦 Michaka
7. 婆須密 Vasumitra
8. 佛陀難提 Buddhanandi
9. 佛陀蜜多 Buddhamitra
10. 脅尊者 Parsva
11. 富那耶舍 Punyayasas
12. 馬鳴大士 Bodhisattva Asvaghosa
13. 迦毘摩羅 Kapimala
14. 龍樹尊者 Bodhisattva Nagarjuna
15. 迦那提婆 Kanadeva
16. 羅睺羅多 Rahulata
17. 僧伽難提 Sanghanandi
18. 伽耶舍多 Gayasata (also known as Sanghayasas)
19. 鳩摩羅多 Kumarata
20. 闍夜多 Jayata
21. 婆修槃頭 Vasubandhu
22. 摩奴羅 Manura (Manorhita/Manorhata)
23. 鶴勒那 Haklenayasas
24. 師子比丘 Sinha
25. 婆舍斯多 Vasiastia (Vasi-Asita)
26. 不如密多 Punyamitra
27. 般若多羅 Prajnatara
28. 菩提達摩 Bodhidharma (印度第二十八祖中國初祖) (The 28th Indian lineage master, the first Chinese lineage master) (d.535)
29. 神光慧可 Shenguang Huike (487-593)
30. 鑑智僧璨 Jianzhi Sengcan (d.606)
31. 雙峰道信 Shuanfeng Daoxin (580-651)
32. 黃梅弘忍 Huangmei Hongren (602-675)
33. 曹溪慧能 Caoxi Huineng (638-713)

Note: The above material is based on the entry on the Chan tradition in Mogetsu Shinkô's 'The Dictionary of Buddhism.'

(II) Lineage Chart of Zhigang Weirou (Huikong Shengyen) in the Linji School.

1. 曹溪慧能 Caoxi Huineng (638-713)
2. 南嶽懷讓 Nanyue Huairang (677-744)
3. 馬祖道一 Mazu Daoyi (709-788)
4. 百丈懷海 Baizhang Huaihai (750-814)
5. 黃蘗希運 Huangbo Xiyun (d.850)
6. 臨濟義玄 Linji Yixuan (d.866) [ii]
7. 興化存獎 Xinghua Cunjiang (830-888)
8. 南院慧顒 Nanyuan Huiyong (d.952)
9. 風穴延沼 Fengxue Yanzhao (896-973)
10. 首山省念 Shoushan Shengnian (926-993)
11. 汾陽善昭 Fenyang Shanzhao (947-1024)
12. 石霜楚圓 Shishuang Chuyuan (986-1039)
→ 黄龍慧南 Huanglong Huinan (黄龍系 Huanglong line)
13. 楊岐方會 Yangqi Fanghui (992-1049) (楊岐系 Yangqi line)
14. 白雲守端 Baiyun Shouduan (1025-1072)
15. 五祖法演 Wuzu Fayan (1024-1104)
16. 圜悟克勤 Huanwu Keqin (1063-1135)
→ 大慧宗杲 Dahui Zhonggao (Huatou Chan)
17. 虎丘紹隆 Huqiu Shaolong (1077-1136)
18. 應庵曇華 Yingan Tanhua (1103-1163)
19. 密庵咸傑 Mian Xianjie (1118-1186)
20. 破庵祖先 Poan Zuxian (1136-1211)
21. 無準師範 Wuzhun Shifan (1174-1249)
22. 斷橋妙倫 Duanqiao Miaolun (1201-1261)
23. 方山文寶 Fangshan Wenbao (d.1335)
24. 無見先覩 Wujian Xiandu (1265-1334)
25. 白雲智度 Baiyun Zhidu (1304-1370)
26. 古拙昌俊 Guzhuo Changjun
27. 無際明悟 Wuji Mingwu
28. 月溪耀澄 Yuexi Yaocheng
29. 夷峰鏡寧 Yifeng Jingning (d.1491)
30. 寶芳智進 Baofang Zhijin
31. 野翁慧曉 Yeweng Huixiao
32. 無趣清空 Wuqu Qingkong (1491-1580)
33. 無幻淨沖 Wuhuan Jingchong (1540-1611)
34. 南明道廣 Nanming Daoguang
35. 鴛湖德用 Yuanhu Deyong (1587-1642)
36. 高菴圓清 Gaoan Yuanqing (Gushan school)
37. 本智明覺 Benzhi Mingjue
38. 紫柏真可 Zibo Zhenke (1543-1603)
39. 端旭如弘 Duanxu Ruhong
40. 純潔性奎 Chunjie Xingkui
41. 慈雲海俊 Ciyun Haijun
42. 質生寂文 Zhisheng Jiwen
43. 端員照華 Duanyuan Zhaohua
44. 其岸普明 Qian Puming
45. 弢巧通聖 Taoqiao Tongsheng
46. 悟修心空 Wuxiu Xinkong
47. 宏化源悟 Honghua Yuanwu
48. 祥青廣松 Xiangqing Guangsong
49. 守道續先 Shoudao Xuxian
50. 正岳本超 Zhengyue Benchao
51. 永暢覺乘 Yongchang Jueshen
52. 方來昌遠 Fanglai Changyuan
53. 豁悟隆參 Huowu Longcan
54. 維超能燦 Weichao Nengcan
55. 奇量仁繁 Qiliang Renfan
56. 妙蓮聖華 Miaolian Shenghua
57. 鼎峰果成 Dingfeng Guocheng
58. 善慈常開 Shanci Changkai
59. 德清演徹 Deqing Yanche (虛雲) (Xu-yun) (1840-1959) [iii]
60. 佛慧寬印 Fohui Kuanyin
61. 靈源宏妙 Lingyuan Hongmiao (1902-1988)
62. 知剛惟柔 Zhigang Weirou (慧空聖嚴 ) (Huikong Shengyen) (1930-2009)

Note: The above information is based on the 'Record of Star and Lamp' which is transmitted by Nan Hua Monastery of Guangdong. It has been reviewed by Ven. Master Lingyuan and was published by Shifang Dajue (Great Enlightenment of the Ten Directions) Monastery of Taiwan.

  • Counting from the first lineage master Mahakasyapa, Huikong Shengyen belongs to the 94th generation of the Chan lineage.
  • From the first lineage master of the Chinese Chan tradition, Bodhidharma, Huikong Shengyen belongs to the 67th generation of the Chan lineage.
  • From the sixth lineage master of the Chan tradition, Caoxi Huineng, Huikong Shengyen belongs to the 62nd generation of the Chan lineage.
  • From Linji Yixuan, Huikong Shengyen belongs to the 57th generation of the Linji School.
  • From Yangqi Fanghui, Huikong Shengyen belongs to the 50th generation of the Yangqi line of the Linji School.
  • From Gaoan Yuanqing, Huikong Shengyen belongs to the 27th generation of the Gushan (Drum Mountain) branch of the Yangqi line of the Linji School.
  • Zhigang Weirou (Huikong Shengyen) is the first generation of the Dharma Drum Mountain line of the Linji School in Taiwan and the United States.

(III) Lineage Chart of Huikong Shengyen in the Caodong School
曹溪慧能
Caoxi Huineng
(638-713)
downarrow
青原行思
Qingyuan Xingsi (d.740)
downarrow
石頭希遷
Shitou Xiqian
(700-790)
downarrow
藥山惟儼
Yaoshan Weiyan
(751-834)
downarrow
雲儼曇晟
Yunyan Tancheng
(782-841)
downarrow
洞山良价
Dongshan Liangjie
(807-869)
2 arrows
雲居道膺
Yunju Daoying
downarrow
同安道丕
Tongan Daopi
downarrow
同安觀志
Tongan Guanzhi
downarrow
梁山緣觀
Liangshan Yuanguan
downarrow
大陽警玄
Dayang Jingxuan
(943-1027)
downarrow
投子義青
Touzi Yiqing
(1032-1083)
downarrow
芙蓉道楷
Furong Daokai
(1043-1118) 		曹山本寂
Caoshan Benji
(840-901)
2 arrows
鹿門自覺
Lumen Zijue
(d.1117)
downarrow
 丹霞子淳
Danxia Zichun
(1064-1119)
2 arrows
普照一辯
Puzhao Yibian
(1081-1149)
downarrow
靈巖僧寶
Lingyan Sengbao
(1114-1171)
downarrow
玉山師體
Yushan Shiti
downarrow
雪巖慧滿
Xueyan Huiman
(d.1206)
downarrow
萬松行秀
Wansong Xingxiu
(1166-1246)
downarrow
雪庭福裕
Xueting Fuyu
(1203-1275)
downarrow
靈隱文泰
Lingyin Wentai
(d.1289)
downarrow
還源福遇
Huanyuan Fuyu
(1245-1313)
downarrow
淳拙文才
Chunzuo Wencai
(1273-1352)
downarrow
松庭子嚴
Songting Ziyan
downarrow
凝然了改
Ningran Liaogai
(1335-1421)
downarrow
俱空契斌
Jukong Qibin
(1383-1452)
downarrow
無方可從
Wufang Kecong
(1420-1483)
downarrow
月舟文載
Yuezhou Wenzai
(1452-1524)
downarrow
宗鏡宗書
Zongjing Zongshu
(1500-1567)
 真歇清了
Zhenxie Qingliao
(1090-1151)
 downarrow
天童宗珏
Tiantong Zongjue
(1091-1162)
 downarrow
雪竇智鑑
Xuedou Zhijian
(1105-1192)
 downarrow
天童如淨
Tiantong Rujing
(1162-1228)
 downarrow
日本道元
Daoyuan
(Dogen in Japanese)
(1200-1253) 		宏智正覺
Hongzhi Zhengjue
(1091-1157)
 downarrow
自得慧暉
Zide Huihui
(1097-1183)
等十代而絕
lineage ended after
ten generations
2 arrows
幻休常潤
Huanxiu Changrun
(d.1585)
downarrow
慈舟方念
Cizhou Fangnian
(d.1594)
downarrow
 蘊空常忠
Yunkong Changzhong
(1514-1588)
 downarrow
無明慧經
Wuming Huijing
(1548-1618)
2 arrows
雲門圓澄
Yunmen Yuancheng
(1561-1626)
(Yunmen line)
downarrow
瑞白明雪
Ruibai Mingxue
(1584-1641)
downarrow
破闇淨燈
Poan Jingdeng
(1603-1659)
(焦山糸 Jiaoshan Line)
downarrow
古樵智先
Guqiao Zhixian
downarrow
鑑堂德鏡
Jiantang Dejing
downarrow
碩庵行載
Shuoan Xingzai
downarrow
敏修福毅
Minxiu Fuyi
(d.1790)
downarrow
碧岩祥潔
Biyan Xiangjie
(1703-1765)
downarrow
濟舟澄洮
Jizhou Chengyao
(d.1737)
downarrow
巨超清恒
Juchau Qingheng
downarrow
性源覺詮
Xingyuan Juequan
downarrow
墨溪海蔭
Moxi Haiyin
downarrow
月輝了禪
Yuehui Liaochan
downarrow
流長悟春
Liuchang Wuchun
downarrow
芥航大須
Jiehang Daxu
downarrow
雲帆常照
Yunfan Changzhao
downarrow
峰屏肇慈
Fenping Zhaoci
downarrow
德峻自覺
Dejun Zijue
downarrow
吉堂迦泰
Jitang Jiatai
downarrow
智光文覺
Zhiguang Wenjue
(1889-1963)
downarrow
東初鐙朗
Dongchu Denglang
(1908-1977) [iv] 		博山元來 (博山糸)
Boshan Yuanlai
(1575-1630)
(Boshan Line) 		鼓山元賢 (鼓山糸)
Gushan Yuanxian
(1578-1657)
(Gushan Line)
2 arrows
慧空聖嚴
Huikong Shengyen [v]
(1930-2009)
(法鼓山糸)
(Dharma Drum Mountain
Line) [vi]
   茗山傳薪
Mingshan Chuanxin
(1913-2001)

Note: The above information is based on the history and biography sections of the Tripitaka, 'History of Zen' by Y.H. Ku, the attached chart of Chinese Chan Lineage in Mogetsu Shinkô's 'The Dictionary of Buddhism' Volume 6, the 'Records of Jiao Shan' edited by Ven. Master Mingshan, and 'The Spring of the Dharma, The Source of Life' by Master Shengyen himself.

  • Counting from the first lineage master Mahakasyapa, Shengyen belongs to the 85th generation of the Chan lineage.
  • From the first Chinese lineage master Bodhidharma, Shengyen belongs to the 58th generation of the Chan lineage.
  • From the sixth lineage master Caoxi Huineng, Shengyen belongs to the 53rd generation of the Chan lineage.
  • From Dongshan Liangjie, Shengyen belongs to the 48th generation of the Caodong School.
  • From Poan Jingdeng, Shengyen belongs to the 20th generation of the Jiaoshan line of the Caodong School.
  • Huikong Shengyen is the first generation of the Dharma Drum Mountain line of the Caodong School in Taiwan and the United States.

Dharma Drum Lineage of Chinese Chan

  • Huikong Shengyen founded Dharma Drum Lineage of Chinese Chan.
  • Transmitting from Lingyuan Hongmiao: Lini lineage--Yangqi line--Gushan School.
  • Transmitting from Dogchu Denlang: Caodong lineage--Yunmen line--Jiaoshan School.
  • Preceded by the combined lineages of Linji and Caodong, followed by innovation of Chan teachings, Huikong Shengyen is the founder of the Dharma Drum Lineage of Chinese Chan.

第二代出家眾 (Second generation monastic Dharma heirs)

正程果繼 Zhengcheng Guoji; Jicheng Fashi (transmission 1986)
正湛果如 Zhengzhan Guoru (transmission 2005)
正惠果敏 Zhenghui Guomin; Huimin Fashi (transmission 2005)
正遠果暉 Zhengyuan Guohui (transmission 2005)
正利果元 Zhengli Guoyuan (transmission 2005)
正覺果醒 Zhengjue Guoxing (transmission 2005)
正德果品 Zhengde Guopin (transmission 2005)
正皎果東 Zhengjiao Guodong (transmission 2005)
正彥果峻 Zhengyan Guojun (transmission 2005)
正明果鏡 Zhengming Guojing (transmission 2005)
正宏果廣 Zhenghong Guoguang (transmission 2005)
正初果肇 Zhengchu Guozhao (transmission 2005)
正然果毅 Zhengran Guoyi (transmission 2005)


第二代在家眾 (Second generation lay Dharma heirs) [vii]

淨諦傳燈 Jingdi Chuandeng; John Crook (1930-2011) (transmission 1993) [viii]
淨宏傳法 Jinghong Chuanfa; Simon Child (1956-) (transmission 2000)
淨禪傳宗 Jingchan Chuanzong; Max Kälin (1943-) (transmission 2000)
淨慧傳心 Jinghui Chuanxin; Žarko Andričević (1955-) (transmission 2001)
淨劍傳慧 Jingjian Chuanhui; Gilbert Gutierrez (1951-) (transmission 2002)


Third generation lay Dharma heirs

Dharma heirs of 淨宏傳法 Jinghong Chuanfa; Simon Child

智淨法宏 Zhijing Fahong; Fiona Nuttall (1959-) (transmission 2015)
智燈法傳 Zhideng Fachuan; Rebecca Li (1969-) (transmission 2016)

The thirty-two word[ix] lineage verse[x]
of the Wutai Emei Putuo Monastery of the Linji School:

心源廣續 Xin Yuan Guang Xu,Mind's origin extensively continues
本覺昌隆 Ben Jue Chang Long,Intrinsic enlightenment flourishes and prospers
能仁聖果 Neng Ren Sheng[xi] Guo,Being able to[xii] have kindness is to obtain the holy fruit
常演寬宏 Chang Yan Kuan Hong,Always perform broad[xiii]-mindedly
惟傳法印 Wei[xiv] Chuan[xv] Fa Yin,Only transmit the teaching in accordance with the Dharma seals
證悟會融 Zheng Wu Hui Rong,Realization[xvi] merges together
堅持戒定 Jian Chi Jie Ding,Firmly uphold sila and practice dhyana
永紀祖宗 Yong Ji Zu Zong.Forever commemorate masters and patriarchs


The complementary thirty-two word lineage verse[xvii]
of Shengyen of Dharma Drum Mountain:

正淨智慧 Zheng Jing[xviii] Zhi Hui,Correct and pure wisdom[xix]
萬德圓通 Wan De Yuan Tong,All[xx] virtues have reached perfection[xxi]
道成妙理 Dao Cheng Miao Li,As the Path is complete, wondrous truth is like
明照長空 Ming Zhao Chang Kong,Brilliant light illuminating the vast sky
諦觀真際 Di Guan Zhen Ji,Mindfully contemplate true suchness
達本契同 Da Ben Qi Tong,Reaching the foundation and becoming unified[xxii]
頓了虛寂 Dun Liao Xu Ji,Suddenly awaken to emptiness and stillness
光徹體洪 Guang Che Ti Hong.Light penetrates the essence which is boundless

Endnotes:

[i] (This webpage showing lineage chart and notes has been derived from the chart published in "Chan Comes West") The lineage chart is translated by Rebecca Li, with assistance from Jie Zhang on some of the pinyin transliterations. All explanatory notes are added by the translator after consulting with Master Sheng Yen appeared as Shengyen on the chart and will be referred to as Sheng Yen in the explanation detailed in the endnotes below).
[ii] Founder of the Linji School
[iii] Also known as Empty Cloud
[iv] Dongchu Denglang is Master Dongchu's Caodong transmission Dharma name. He also has a Dharma name from the Linji transmission, Ren-shu (meaning "kindness dawn").
[v] Here I would like to distinguish between two parts of the four-character Dharma name.
  • The first two characters make up the Dharma first name (Fa-hao). For example, Dongchu and Huikong are the Dharma first names of Master Dongchu and Master Sheng Yen respectively.
  • The third and fourth characters make up the Dharma name (Fa-ming, equivalent to the last name).
For example, Denglang and Shengyen are the Dharma names (Fa-ming) of Master Dongchu and Master Sheng Yen, respectively.
Traditionally, only people who are more senior than oneself, such as one's Master, are supposed to address one using the Dharma name (Fa-ming), whereas one's disciples and others should use the Dharma first name (Fa-hao). This means that the name "Sheng Yen" should traditionally not have been used by his disciples to address Master Sheng Yen. However, since this name is how Master Sheng Yen is known, he continues to use it.
[vi] Although individuals receiving transmission in the Dharma Drum Mountain line have transmission from both Caodong and Linji schools, their Dharma names (Fa-ming) will come from the Linji sects because the name Huikong Shengyen comes from Master Dongchu's line in the Linji sect.
[vii] In this updated lineage chart, both Master Sheng Yen's lay Dharma heirs in the West and monastic Dharma heirs in the East are listed although the endnotes will focus on the former. The five Dharma heirs in the West are listed in the order of their receiving transmission from Master Sheng Yen.
[viii] The full four-character Dharma names of the lay Dharma heirs listed in the lineage chart of this edition have been revised. While the same four characters are used in these names, the first two characters (Dharma first name) and the third and fourth characters (Dharma name) have been switched in the revised version of the lineage chart. For instance, "Jingdi Chuandeng" was listed as "Chuandeng Jingdi" in the lineage chart of the first edition.
[ix] The characters in this thirty-two word verse are used to name disciples from generation to generation in the order the characters appear in the verse. The character used for a particular generation makes up the first half of one's Dharma name (Fa-ming). For instance, all of Master Sheng Yen's students have 'guo' as the first half of their Dharma name. If one looks at the lineage chart of the Linji sect starting from number 46, one will find the thirty-two verse by reading the third character of each of the lineage master's four-character name.
[x] The English translation of this thirty-two word verse and the next thirty-two verse attempts to convey the meaning of each four-character line as a whole, as well as the meaning of each individual character. Each English word in bold corresponds to the meaning of the Chinese character in the same order as they appear in the line. For example, in the first line, the first word in bold 'mind' is the meaning of the first character 'xin', whereas the second word in bold 'origin' is the meaning of the second character 'yuan', and the third word in bold 'extensive' is the meaning of the third character 'guang', and the fourth word in bold 'continued' is the meaning of the fourth character 'xu'.
[xi] Here one can see where Master Sheng Yen's Dharma name (Fa-ming) came from. The character 'Ren' (meaning 'kindness') was used in his master Master Dongchu's Dharma name, Ren-shu, from his Linji transmission. As Master Dongchu's disciple, he was given 'Sheng' (meaning 'holy'), the next character in the verse, as the first character of his Dharma name. Master Sheng Yen's monastic Dharma heirs all have 'Guo' (meaning 'fruit') as the first character of their Dharma name. Their Dharma heirs will then have 'Chang' (meaning 'always') as the first character of their Dharma name (Fa-ming). Hence, 'Sheng,' 'Guo,' and 'Chang' come from Master Dongchu's line.
[xii] The phrase in bold 'being able to' is the meaning of the first character 'neng'.
[xiii] The third character of this line 'kuan' means 'broad' whereas the fourth character 'hong' means 'great'. 'Kuan Hong' in this line is the adverb describing the way one performs, and thus is translated in the verse as 'broadmindedly'.
[xiv] Here one can see where Master Sheng Yen's other name 'Zhigang Weirou' came from. The character 'Hong' (meaning 'great') was used in his master Master Lingyuan Hongmiao's Dharma name (Fa-ming). As Master Lingyuan's disciple, he was given 'Wei' (meaning 'only'), the next character in the verse, as the first character of his Dharma name (Fa-ming).
[xv] The character 'Chuan' (meaning 'transmit') is used for the first character of the Dharma first name (Fa-hao) of the lay practitioners receiving transmission from Master Sheng Yen. For instance,
  • John Crook (Master Sheng Yen's first Dharma heir in the West) has 'Chuandeng' (meaning 'transmit lamp') as his Dharma first name, whereas
  • Simon Child's Dharma first name is 'Chuanfa' (meaning 'transmit Dharma'),
  • Max Kälin's Dharma first name is 'Chuanzong' (meaning 'transmit principle'), and
  • Žarko Andričević's Dharma first name is 'Chuanxin' (meaning 'transmit mind').
  • Gilbert Gutierrez's Dharma first name is 'Chuanhui' (meaning 'transmit wisdom'),
  • Their Dharma heirs will then have 'Fa' (meaning 'Dharma') as the first character of their Dharma first names (Fa-hao), and the character 'Yin' will be used for the following generation.
[xvi] The first two characters in this line 'zheng wu' as a compound noun means 'realization'. 'Zheng' by itself can be translated as 'realization' whereas 'wu' is often translated as 'enlightenment'. Another way to translate the meaning of the entire line will be 'All is thus comprehensively mastered'.
[xvii] The thirty-two characters in this verse will be used to name disciples in the Dharma Drum Mountain system, that is, those who receive transmission from Master Sheng Yen.
[xviii] For the practitioners receiving transmission from Master Sheng Yen, the second character in this thirty-two word verse 'Jing' (meaning 'pure') is used as the first character of their Dharma name (Fa-ming). For instance,
  • John Crook's Dharma first name is 'Jingdi' (meaning 'pure truth'). Thus, his full Dharma name is ' Jingdi Chuandeng' (meaning 'pure truth, transmit lamp'). Whereas
  • Simon Child's Dharma first name (Fa-ming) is 'Jinghong' (meaning 'pure greatness'), making his full Dharma name 'Jinghong Chuanfa' (meaning 'pure greatness, transmit Dharma').
  • Max Kälin's Dharma first name is 'Jingchan' (meaning 'pure Chan'), making his full Dharma name 'Jingchan Chuanzong' (meaning 'pure Chan, transmit principle').
  • Žarko Andričević's Dharma first name is 'Jinghui' (meaning 'pure wisdom'), making his full Dharma name 'Jinghui Chuanxin' (meaning 'pure wisdom, transmit mind').
  • Gilbert Gutierrez's Dharma first name is 'Jingjian' (meaning 'pure sword'). Thus, his full Dharma name is ' Jingjian Chuanhui' (meaning 'pure sword, transmit wisdom').
  • Their Dharma heirs will then have the next character in the verse 'Zhi' (meaing 'wisdom') as the first character of their Dharma names (Fa-ming). This means that their Dharma heirs will receive full Dharma names that read 'Zhi-something Fa-something'.
[xix] The third and fourth characters of this line 'zhi hui' make up a compound word that means 'wisdom'. The two characters are often used interchangeably in Chinese to refer to wisdom or prajna. Hence both 'zhi' and 'hui' can be translated as 'wisdom'.
[xx] The first character in this line 'wan' literally means 'ten thousand', which really means many or all. Thus it is translated as 'all' here.
[xxi] The third and fourth characters in this line 'yuan tong' make up a compound word that means 'perfection'. The character 'yuan' can be translated as 'perfect' or 'complete', and the character 'tong' can be translated as 'completely comprehended'.
[xxii] The third and fourth characters in this line 'qi tong' together mean 'becoming unified'. The character 'qi' can be translated as 'to agree with' and the character 'tong' can be translated as 'sameness'.

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